‘Virtual Pharmacology’ Advance Tackles Universe of Unknown Drugs

Scientists at UC San Francisco, in collaboration with colleagues at the University of North Carolina (UNC), have developed the world’s largest virtual pharmacology platform and shown it is capable of identifying extremely powerful new drugs. The platform, soon to contain over a billion virtual molecules never before synthesized and not found in nature, is poised to dramatically change early drug discovery and send waves through the pharmaceutical industry, the authors say.

In recent years, rapid developments in atomic-scale molecular imaging and virtual pharmacology, both pioneered at UCSF, have made it possible to resolve the chemical structures of important biological targets of interest, then to rapidly simulate how millions of drug-like molecules would bind to these targets – without the need to physically synthesize and test any but the very best drug candidates in the real world.

But a major bottleneck remained: Scientists estimate that the number of possible drug-like molecules approaches the number of atoms in the observable universe, but most current drug discovery databases only contain at most a few million molecules, most of them minor tweaks on established drug templates. Without access to a better chemical imagination, how are researchers to systematically explore the vast and alien universe of potential drugs to identify those with the best chance of helping patients?

Now Brian Shoichet, PhD, and John Irwin, PhD — a professor and adjunct associate professor of pharmaceutical chemistry, respectively, in UCSF’s School of Pharmacy — have begun to crack this problem through a collaboration with a remarkable chemical supplier based in Ukraine, as described in a study published February 6, 2019 in Nature.

Over the past decade, Kiev-based Enamine Ltd has innovated an efficient pipeline to produce any of over a billion never-before-made drug-like compounds on demand — at a cost of about $100 per molecule — by combining any of tens of thousands of standard chemical building blocks with one another using over a hundred established chemical reactions.

Irwin and Shoichet have partnered with Enamine to begin incorporating its vast virtual catalogue into their free public drug discovery database — called ZINC — which currently contains over 750 million compounds and is constantly growing as Enamine and other suppliers add new building-blocks and chemical reactions. The UCSF team is steadily converting hundreds of millions of Enamine’s theoretical molecules into three-dimensional chemical models compatible with a computational pharmacology approach — called “docking” – pioneered by Shoichet and School of Pharmacy mentor Tack Kuntz, PhD, which makes it possible to rapidly simulate in 3D how hundreds of millions of potential drugs will bind to a specific biological target of interest.

At its current exponential rate of growth, ZINC is projected contain over one billion 3D models of never-before-synthesized chemical compounds by the year 2020.

"Our platform can now screen 100 times more molecules than are available in most drug screening libraries, with far more diversity in the molecules screened. Soon it will be able to screen 1000 times more,” Irwin said. “People are going to have access to a lot of new chemistry that no one has looked at before.”

In their new study, as a proof of the power of this vast and chemically diverse new screening platform, the researchers used 3D docking to search the ZINC database for potential drugs against two unrelated targets: a bacterial enzyme, beta-lactamase, which is involved in antibiotic resistance, and the D4 dopamine receptor, found on brain cells, which has been implicated in psychosis and addictive behavior.

After virtually screening through hundreds of millions of novel drug candidates, the researchers ordered several hundred of their top hits from Enamine, none of which had ever been synthesized before, for laboratory testing by scientists at UCSF and UNC. Among the new computer-selected molecules were the strongest beta-lactamase inhibitor known and one of the most powerful dopamine receptor activators ever described.

"The D4-binding compounds identified from ZINC are among the most potent ever reported," said co-senior author Bryan L. Roth, MD, PhD, the Michael Hooker Distinguished Professor of Pharmacology at the UNC School of Medicine. "This kind of rapid screening of millions of potential compounds is a major step toward creating better medications for many illnesses, and in the case of the D4 receptor, psychiatric conditions."

The scientists are now able to identify such powerful drug candidates because the ZINC platform enables them to search a wider and more diverse universe of possible molecules than was previously possible. Imagine you are a hiring director looking for a new employee: if you only interview three or four candidates drawn from your familiar social network, the chances of finding the best possible person for the job are low. But if you can screen through a vast worldwide database of resumes, you are much more likely to find many more high-quality candidates.

For example, based on the success rate in lab tests of more than 500 D4 receptor–targeting molecules flagged by virtual screening, the authors estimate that the full ZINC database contains nearly half a million never-before-synthesized compounds capable of targeting this key psychiatric protein.

“One of the bubbles constraining novel drug discovery has popped,” Shoichet added. “Chemists have struggled with our inability to access large, diverse sets of chemical structures for decades. Now, with patient support from the National Institutes of Health, an unexpected confluence of new technologies has suddenly cracked opened a door that long seemed locked.”

Authors: The co-first authors of the new study were Jiankun Lyu of UCSF and East China University of Science & Technology (ECUST) in Shanghai; Trent E. Balius, PhD, and Isha Singh, PhD, of UCSF; and Sheng Wang, PhD, of UNC Chapel Hill and ECUST. Additional authors were Anat Levit, PhD, Matthew J. O’Meara, PhD, and Enkhjargal Algaa of UCSF; Tao Che, PhD, of UNC Chapel Hill; Yurii S. Moroz, PhD, of National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv and Latvia-based Chemspace, Ltd; and Kateryna Tolmachova, MS, and Andrey A. Tolmachev, PhD, of Enamine Ltd.

Funding: The research was supported by grants from the US National Institutes of Health (GM71896, R35 GM122481, R01 MH112205, U24DK1169195) and the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB19000000); a UCSF Program in Breakthrough Biomedical Research New Frontier Award; and a NIMH Psychoactive Drug Screening Contract.

Disclosures: Shoichet and Irwin are founders of a company, BlueDolphin LLC, that works in the area of molecular docking. Co-authors Tolmachova and Tolmachev are employees of Enamine Ltd.

UC San Francisco (UCSF) is a leading university dedicated to promoting health worldwide through advanced biomedical research, graduate-level education in the life sciences and health professions, and excellence in patient care. It includes top-ranked graduate schools of dentistry, medicine, nursing and pharmacy; a graduate division with nationally renowned programs in basic, biomedical, translational and population sciences; and a preeminent biomedical research enterprise. It also includes UCSF Health, which comprises three top-ranked hospitals – UCSF Medical Center and UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospitals in San Francisco and Oakland – as well as Langley Porter Psychiatric Hospital and Clinics, UCSF Benioff Children’s Physicians and the UCSF Faculty Practice. UCSF Health has affiliations with hospitals and health organizations throughout the Bay Area. UCSF faculty also provide all physician care at the public Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, and the SF VA Medical Center. The UCSF Fresno Medical Education Program is a major branch of the University of California, San Francisco’s School of Medicine.