Adolescent Perceptions about Smoking Have Changed Over Decade

California adolescents perceive smoking cigarettes to be riskier – and less socially acceptable – than they did a dozen years ago, according to a new study that comes amid a changing tobacco product landscape.  

Fewer youth plan to smoke or think smoking makes them look mature, reported the study by UC San Francisco and Stanford University School of Medicine, while more teens believe that smoking is likely to trigger health problems such as heart attacks or lung cancer.

The paper examined surveys of nearly 700 students in California to assess whether there were changes between 2001 and 2015 in adolescent smoking behaviors, how youth viewed smoking, and whether they intended to smoke.

The study were published Dec. 6, in the Journal of Adolescent Health.

“It speaks to the importance of having strong, repeated tobacco control messages that perceptions have changed in the intended direction, even with the proliferation of new tobacco products,” said first author Karma McKelvey, MPH, PhD, a postdoctoral fellow at the UCSF Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education.

“Despite fears that with the advent of e-cigarettes, smoking will again be perceived as a normal activity, thereby eroding many years of tobacco control efforts, adolescent perceptions of cigarettes have actually become less favorable,” McKelvey said. “Perhaps similar strategies can be employed to help stem the rising tide of e-cigarette adoption among adolescents.”

National data have shown that adolescent smoking declined significantly between 2001 and 2015, from 23.9 percent to 7 percent, largely due to smoke-free policies and public health campaigns designed to increase knowledge about smoking risks and changing social norms.

In pinpointing gains and gaps in tobacco control, the researchers in the new report analyzed data from two California studies involving a total of nearly 700 students in California high schools. The two surveys contained detailed, nearly identical measures of cigarette-smoking perceptions, intentions, and use. The researchers found:

• More students in 2015 intended not to smoke (94 percent in 2015 compared to 65 percent in 2001);
• Fewer students in 2015 had ever smoked (5 percent of girls, 6 percent of boys in 2015 compared to 25 percent of girls and 28 percent of boys in 2001);
• Fewer students in 2015 said smoking makes them look more mature (17 percent in 2015 compared to 28 percent in 2001);
• More students in 2015 reported that smoking could land them “in trouble” (86 percent in 2015  compared to 77 percent in 2001);
• More students reported that smoking could bring on a heart attack (76 percent in 2015, 69 percent in 2001), or lead to lung cancer (85 percent in 2015 compared to 78 percent in 2001). 

The students surveyed in 2015 also perceived less likelihood of being able to quit smoking whenever they wanted or to experience short-term benefits.   

“Our findings support the belief that adolescents today hold less favorable attitudes towards cigarettes,” said senior author Bonnie Halpern-Felsher, PhD, a professor of pediatrics in the division of adolescent medicine at Stanford University School of Medicine. “Still, perceptions of short-term harm and overall addiction were unchanged, which illuminates areas that could be improved for messaging to youth. Clinicians, public health professionals and policy-makers could draw upon this information to improve tobacco-related health messages and prevention efforts that specifically target adolescents.”

“It’s important to note that the perceptions that changed most from 2001 to 2015 were those that related most to tobacco control messages,” Halpern-Felsher said. “Clearly, more tobacco control messages are needed, including those that address newer tobacco products such as electronic cigarettes and vapes.”

The researchers said that because both studies were conducted in California, the results might not pertain throughout the U.S. or abroad. They also pointed out that other studies have shown that adolescents in general hold favorable attitudes toward e-cigarettes, are increasingly using them and are more likely to smoke cigarettes as a result.

The research was supported by grant number 1P50CA180890 from the National Cancer Institute and the Food and Drug Administration Center for Tobacco Products; and grant number 9KT-0072 from the Tobacco Related Disease Research Program. Karma McKelvey was supported by R25CA113710.

UC San Francisco (UCSF) is a leading university dedicated to promoting health worldwide through advanced biomedical research, graduate-level education in the life sciences and health professions, and excellence in patient care. It includes top-ranked graduate schools of dentistry, medicine, nursing and pharmacy; a graduate division with nationally renowned programs in basic, biomedical, translational and population sciences; and a preeminent biomedical research enterprise. It also includes UCSF Health, which comprises three top-ranked hospitals, UCSF Medical Center and UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospitals in San Francisco and Oakland, and other partner and affiliated hospitals and healthcare providers throughout the Bay Area.