Water Dispensers, Cups Encourage School Children to Drink More, Study Shows

School children drink more water if the traditional water fountain is replaced by a dispenser with cups, according to findings of a study led by researchers at UC San Francisco.

In the study, published July 7 in Preventing Chronic Disease, researchers compared water intake over a four-month period among students at 12 low-income middle schools in the San Francisco Bay Area. They found that nearly 20 percent more children drank water at lunch in the schools that provided dispensers, cups and signage in cafeterias, compared to the schools that provided drinking fountains minus cups and signage.

U.S. legislation requires that schools offer drinking water where meals are served. While health efforts have focused on reducing access to sugary drinks in schools, few initiatives have aimed at improving access to drinking water, the authors noted.

“Typically, water fountains are not appealing places to drink,” said first author Anisha Patel, MD, assistant professor in the UCSF Division of General Pediatrics and a pediatrician at UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital San Francisco. “The water fountain may be used to prop up the mop and broom; there may be debris and other hygiene concerns; and it is difficult for children to drink more than a few sips from a fountain unless schools provide cups.”

Water Drinking Touted in School-Wide Campaigns

In the study, the water dispensers were promoted over a six-week period via school-wide audio announcements, parent newsletters, posting of signage and student incentives. The four schools that served as a comparison group did not promote water drinking.

Results were obtained from student surveys and researchers’ measurements of the volume of water taken from the dispensers.

No differences were found in the students’ consumption of sugary beverages, milk or fruit juice.

“Making drinking water more accessible to students may not be sufficient to change drinking habits,” said Patel, who is also affiliated with the Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies at UCSF. “We need supportive school district policies, environmental changes and more substantial education to help people turn to water as their default to quench thirst.”

One-fifth of students at low-income San Francisco Bay Area middle schools drink sugary beverages at lunchtime, mainly brought from home or purchased on their way to school, according to a 2015 study co-authored by Patel. A growing body of research has linked sugary drinks to significant health conditions, including diabetes, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease and liver disease.

The study is supported by funding from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Healthy Eating Research Program, and grants from the National Institutes of Health and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Senior author of the study is Claire Brindis, DrPH, from the Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies at UCSF. Co-authors are Anna Grummon from UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital San Francisco; Karla Hampton, JD, from Enigami Ventures; Ariana Oliva from California Food Policy Advocates; and Charles McCulloch, PhD, from UCSF.

UCSF is a leading university dedicated to promoting health worldwide through advanced biomedical research, graduate-level education in the life sciences and health professions, and excellence in patient care. It includes top-ranked graduate schools of dentistry, medicine, nursing and pharmacy; a graduate division with nationally renowned programs in basic, biomedical, translational and population sciences; and a preeminent biomedical research enterprise. It also includes UCSF Health, which comprises top-ranked hospitals, UCSF Medical Center and UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospitals in San Francisco and Oakland – and other partner and affiliated hospitals and healthcare providers throughout the Bay Area.